Shell

You can find out which of the shells are available in your system by using the which command:

# Find out various Shell types available in your system
which bash
which ksh
which csh
which sh
which tcsh

You can change to a different shell by simply typing the name of the shell. For example:

sh
bash
ksh
csh
tcsh

Here are some notes for the bash shell

A simple shell script

#!/usr/bin/env bash
NAME="krsna"
LENGTH=${#NAME}
echo "Hello $NAME"
echo "Your name is $LENGTH characters long"
exit $?

Conditional execution

git commit -m "This is a commit message" && git push
git push || echo "git push failed!"

Parameter expansions

name="Krsna"
echo ${name}        # "Krsna"
echo ${name/K/k}    # "krsna" (substitution)
echo ${name:0:2}    # "Kr" (slicing)
echo ${name::4}     # "Krsn" (slicing)

STRING="/path/to/shellscript.sh"

echo ${STRING%.*}      $ shellscript  (filename only)
echo ${STRING##*/}     # shellscript.sh (filename with extension only)
echo ${STRING##*.}     # sh (extension only )
echo ${STRING%.sh}     # /path/to/shellscript without extension
echo ${STRING%.sh}.o   # /path/to/shellscript.o change extension
echo ${STRING#*/}      # path/to/shellscript.sh with extension
echo ${STRING/shellscript/replacementtext}   # /path/to/replacementtext.sh # search for shellscript and replace with replacementtext

Substitution

${STRING%suffix}	Remove suffix
${STRING#prefix}	Remove prefix
${STRING%%suffix}	Remove long suffix
${STRING##prefix}	Remove long prefix
${STRING/from/to}	Replace first match
${STRING//from/to}	Replace all
${STRING/%from/to}	Replace suffix
${STRING/#from/to}	Replace prefix

Loops

# Simple for loop
for i in ~/Downloads/.*; do
  echo $i
done

# Forever loop
while true; do
  ···
done

# Ranges
for i in {1..10}; do
    echo "This is: $i"
done

# For loop with step size (go from 0 to 100 with step size of 10)
for i in `seq 0 10 100`;do
    echo $i;
done

# Reading lines from a file
cat some_file.txt | while read line; do
  echo $line
done

Functions

function do_something() {
    echo "Hello I am doing something with argument 1: $1"
}
do_something "first argument"

$# = number of arguments
$* = all arguments
$@ = all arguments starting from first
$n = nth argument where n is an integer

Conditions

[ -z STRING ]	        Empty string
[ -n STRING ]	        Not empty string
[ NUM -eq NUM ]	        Equal
[ NUM -ne NUM ]	        Not equal
[ NUM -lt NUM ]	        Less than
[ NUM -le NUM ]	        Less than or equal
[ NUM -gt NUM ]	        Greater than
[ NUM -ge NUM ]	        Greater than or equal
[[ STRING =~ STRING ]]	Regexp
(( NUM < NUM ))	        Numeric conditions
[ -o noclobber ]	If OPTIONNAME is enabled
[ ! EXPR ]	        Not
[ X ] && [ Y ]	        And
[ X ] || [ Y ]	        Or

File Conditions

[ -e FILE ]	            Exists
[ -r FILE ]	            Readable
[ -h FILE ]	            Symlink
[ -d FILE ]	            Directory
[ -w FILE ]	            Writable
[ -s FILE ]	            Size is > 0 bytes
[ -f FILE ]	            File
[ -x FILE ]	            Executable
[ FILE1 -nt FILE2 ]	    1 is more recent than 2
[ FILE1 -ot FILE2 ]	    2 is more recent than 1
[ FILE1 -ef FILE2 ]	    Same files

# String
if [ -z "$some_string" ]; then
  echo "some_string is empty"
elif [ -n "$some_string" ]; then
  echo "some_string is not empty"
fi

# Combinations
if [ THIS ] && [ THAT ] && [ THOSE ]; then
  ...
fi

# Regex
if [[ "regex" =~ "." ]]

if (( $x < $y ))

if [ -e "file.csv" ]; then
  echo "file.csv exists"
fi

Arrays

# Simple array example
declare -a numbers
numbers=(one two three four five six seven eight)
echo ${numbers[0]}                      # First Element
echo ${numbers[@]}                      # All item of array numbers separated by space
echo ${#numbers[@]}                     # Number of elements
unset numbers[2]                        # Remove one item

arpscache=($(arp -an | grep -v incomplete))
echo ${arpscache[0]}           # First Element
echo ${arpscache[@]}           # All item of array arpscache separated by space
echo ${#arpscache[@]}          # Number of elements

# operations
arpscache=("${arpscache[@]}" "10.0.0.12")        # Push
unset arpscache[2]                               # Remove one item
duplicate=("${arpscache[@]}")                    # Duplicate
lines=(`cat "somefile.txt"`)                     # Read from file

# iteration
for i in "${some_array[@]}"; do
  echo $i
done