Unix

Unix is an operating system originally designed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs in the 1960s and has since evolved into various flavors, including Linux. It is known for its multi-user and multitasking capabilities, as well as its portability and stability.

Here is an interesting video that shows the creators of this language describing it:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvDZLjaCJuw

In essence Unix has these concepts and components:

Kernel: The kernel is the core of the Unix operating system. It manages hardware resources and provides essential services, such as process scheduling, memory management, and device drivers. The kernel is responsible for maintaining system integrity and ensuring that user programs can run efficiently.Shell:

Shell: The shell is a command-line interface that allows users to interact with the operating system. It interprets user commands and communicates with the kernel to execute those commands. Unix shells come in various flavors, with Bash (Bourne Again SHell) being one of the most popular. Utilities:

Utilities: Utilities are small, specialized programs that perform specific tasks. Unix provides a rich set of utilities that can be combined to achieve more complex operations. Examples include ls for listing files, cp for copying files, and grep for searching through text.

Users: Unix is a multi-user system, meaning that multiple users can interact with the system simultaneously. Each user has their own account and home directory, which contains their files and configurations. Users are identified by unique usernames.

Some unix commands

Command Description Example
ls List files and directories ls
cd Change directory cd /path/to/directory
pwd Print working directory pwd
cp Copy files or directories cp file1.txt file2.txt
mv Move or rename files or directories mv file1.txt new/location/file1.txt
rm Remove files or directories rm file.txt
mkdir Make directory mkdir new_directory
echo Output text to the terminal echo "Hello, Unix!"
grep Search for a pattern in files grep "pattern" file.txt
cat Concatenate and display file contents cat file.txt
man Display manual or help documentation for a command man ls
chmod Change file permissions chmod +x script.sh
chown Change file owner and group chown user:group file.txt
ps Display information about processes ps aux
kill Terminate a process kill process_id
top Display real-time system statistics top
df Show disk space usage df -h
du Show disk usage du -h
tar Archive and compress files tar -cvf archive.tar files/
gzip Compress files gzip file.txt
gunzip Decompress files compressed with gzip gunzip file.txt.gz
ssh Connect to a remote server securely ssh user@remote_host
scp Copy files securely between hosts scp file.txt user@remote_host:/path/to/destination/
wget Download files from the internet wget https://example.com/file.txt
curl Transfer data to or from a server curl -O https://example.com/file.txt
find Search for files and directories find /path/to/search -name "*.txt"
locate Quickly find the location of files locate file.txt
history Display a list of previously executed commands history
alias Create a shortcut or alias for a command alias ll='ls -l'
head Display the first few lines of a file head -n 5 file.txt
tail Display the last few lines of a file tail -n 10 file.txt
sort Sort lines of text files sort file.txt
uniq Filter adjacent matching lines from a sorted file uniq file.txt
wc Count lines, words, and characters in a file wc file.txt
diff Compare the contents of two files diff file1.txt file2.txt
vim or nano Text editors for creating or editing files in the terminal vim filename
date Display the current date and time date
cal Display a calendar for the current month or year cal
echo Display text or a variable echo "Hello, World!"
alias Show a list of defined aliases alias
unalias Remove an alias unalias ll
uptime Show how long the system has been running uptime
who Display information about users currently logged in who
w Display information about currently logged-in users and their activities w
id Show the user and group information for the current user id
groups Display the groups a user belongs to groups
su Switch to another user su username
sudo Execute a command with superuser privileges sudo command
passwd Change the user password passwd
ifconfig Display network interface configuration ifconfig
awk Versatile text processing tool awk '{print $2}' file.txt
sed Stream editor for text filtering sed 's/old_pattern/new_pattern/' file.txt
tr Translate or delete characters echo "Hello" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
basename Strips directory and suffix from filenames basename /path/to/file.txt
dirname Strips non-directory suffix from filenames dirname /path/to/file.txt
file Determines file type file myfile
ln Creates hard or symbolic links ln -s source_file link_name
tee Reads from standard input and writes to standard output and files echo "Hello" | tee output.txt
env Displays or sets the environment variables env
export Sets environment variables export PATH=$PATH:/new/directory
trap Sets up signals to be caught and processed during script execution trap 'echo "Caught signal"' SIGINT
diff Compares the contents of two files diff file1.txt file2.txt

Some notes for macOS

# Create a symlink for the airpot utility
sudo ln -s /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/Current/Resources/airport /usr/local/bin/airport

# Sniff traffic on a channel with some interface
# syntax:: airport [interface] sniff [channel]
sudo airport en1 sniff 1
sudo airport en0 sniff 9

# netowrk connections list
networksetup -listallhardwareports

# Enable or Disable WIFI
networksetup -setairportpower en0 on
networksetup -setairportpower en0 off

# Join Wi-Fi network
networksetup -setairportnetwork en0 SSID PASSPHRASE

# Create a Wi-Fi network profile
networksetup -addpreferredwirelessnetworkatindex en0 SSID_OF_NETWORK INDEX_NUMBER SECURITY_OF_WIRELESS_NETWORK WIRELESS_NETWORK_PASSPHRASE

# Delete a Wifi network profile
networksetup -removepreferredwirelessnetwork en0 SSID_OF_NETWORK

# Remove all stored wifi network profiles
networksetup -removeallpreferredwirelessnetworks en0

# Show path in finder
defaults write com.apple.finder _FXShowPosixPathInTitle -bool YES

# List all the usb devices currently plugged in
ioreg -p IOUSB
ioreg -p IOUSB -w0 -l

# List just the device names
ioreg -p IOUSB -w0 | sed 's/[^o]*o //; s/@.*$//' | grep -v '^Root.*'

# show processes that are using a specific port (Eg 3000 ) do :
lsof -i :3000